ABSTRACT Variation in rainfall affects crops; therefore, agricultural practices become essential for forage production in semi-arid regions. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of different agricultural practices on phyllochron, structural characteristics of forage cactus and millet, and their relations with crop yield using the principal component analysis (PCA). The design was in randomized blocks, with six treatments: sole cropped cactus without straw mulching, sole cropped cactus with straw mulching, sole cropped millet without straw mulching, sole cropped millet with straw mulching, and cactus intercropping with millet, with and without straw mulching, each with four replicates. There were three cactus cycles and nine millet cycles (three cycles of cultivars BRS1501 and six of IPA Bulk-1-BF). Biometric parameters were evaluated monthly, while yield was determined after the crop harvest. Phyllochron was determined with the regression analysis. The PCA was applied to structural characteristics and yield. The systems adopted did not influence the structural characteristics of cactus and millet ( p > 0.05), except for cladode thickness, which increased with straw mulching. Phyllochron of the millet reduced when the crop was intercropped. The structural characteristics of cladode length, width, and thickness influenced crop yield, mainly in systems with straw mulching. Straw mulching and intercropping alter phyllochron of cactus and millet. The adoption of straw mulching has a more significant relationship with cactus yield, whereas biometric variables influence crop yield for millet, not the cropping system.

ABSTRACT The use of irrigation can improve the productivity and nutritional quality of the forage cactus in environments with a water deficit, resulting in profit to the producer. The productive performance, bromatological composition and economic benefits of using irrigation were investigated in this study with forage cactus clones regulated deficit irrigation (RDI). The study was conducted in an experimental design of randomised blocks, in a factorial scheme with subdivided plots. The plots consisted of water regimes based on the crop evapotranspiration (ETc) (rainfed, 40, 80 and 120% ETc). The cactus clones [‘Miúda’ (MIU), ‘Orelha de Elefante Mexicana’ (OEM) and ‘IPA Sertânia’ (IPA)] comprised the subplots. The total number of cladodes per plant, the fresh and dry matter yields and the bromatological composition were evaluated. Economic viability was assessed using the net revenue and benefit to cost ratio (BCR). The irrigation depths did not increase the yield of the clones. The OEM clone showed 276 and 343% greater fresh and dry matter production, respectively, when compared to the IPA clone; however, when compared with the MIU clone, it was 63%, both on a fresh and dry matter production. The water regimes had no effect on the nutritional quality of the cactus. Only IPA showed no profit during the first cycle (BCR < 1). It can be concluded that planting one irrigated hectare with the OEM and MIU clones offer economic returns starting from the first production cycle (18 months).

Abstract The vegetation structure is a good indicator of the conservation condition of an ecosystem, since it reflects alterations caused by anthropic action. This study proposes to analyze the phytosociological aspects of the Caatinga domain under anthropic disturbance and their correlations with hydrological variables. Twenty-five 400 m 2 plots were sampled in the municipality of Floresta - PE, Brazil. Phytosociological parameters such as density, frequency and dominance were calculated. The seasonality of plant area index was analyzed for six species. The association between structural characteristics and hydrological variables (throughfall, stemflow and interception loss) in the species was evaluated by multivariate analysis. A total of 930 individuals, six families and 10 species were recorded. The abundance of the species Cenostigma pyramidale in the area may be an indicator of the degree of change in the vegetation. The structural characteristics of the species revealed little association with rainfall partitioning.

ABSTRACT. Agricultural production in semi-arid regions is limited due to water availability. In addition, the water quality available for irrigation is often compromised due to the high salt content present. Millet is a forage species considered tolerant to water deficit and moderately salt tolerant. In view of the above, the objective was to evaluate the growth of millet under water and saline stress associates. The experiment was carried out in a randomized block design, in a 4x3 factorial scheme, composed of four levels of water replacement, based on crop evapotranspiration (ETc): 25%.ETc, 50%.ETc, 75%.ETc and 100%.ETc and three levels of water salinity (0.03, 2.0 and 4.0 dS m-1). With 25%.ETc independent of salinity, all morphological characteristics of millet were affected, occurring death of plants in the initial growth phase. In the absence of salt and greater availability of water, greater plant growth occurred. With respect to salinity, there was a reduction in the increment of all variables evaluated, with the highest reduction at the highest saline level (4.0 dS m-1). Water and salt stresses, when associated, reduce the growth of millet, since concentrations above 2.0 dS m-1 and less than 50%.ETc compromise its full development, providing declines in yield.

Abstract This study investigated the water and radiation use efficiencies by Erythrina velutina and Enterolobium contortisiliquum under four water regimes. The experiment was carried out in the municipality of Serra Talhada, PE, Brazil. The experimental design was completely randomized with a 2 x 4 factorial arrangement and three replications. The water regimes were imposed from water replenishments based on the reference evapotranspiration (25, 50, 75 and 100% ET0). Water and radiation use efficiencies were calculated to the 120 days of growth. E. velutina showed a greater accumulated dry biomass (4.89 g pl-1) than E. contortisiliquum (2.22 g pl-1). The 75% ET0 water regime can be adopted without damage to the growth of both species. E. velutina was more efficient in the conversion of water (0.42 g l-1) and radiation in dry biomass (0.028 g MJ-1), indicating high environmental resilience, which is important features to choose species more adequate for reforestation activities.

ABSTRACT It was evaluated how straw management modifies the development, growth, nutrient cycling and crop water productivity of sugarcane in the semiarid region of Brazil. The experiment was carried out using two plots with 5 ha each, being one without straw on the soil surface and one with 26 Mg·ha-1 covering the soil. Sugarcane growth and development and straw decomposition coefficient were evaluated, whereas the industrial yield, juice quality, dry matter partitioning, and crop water productivity were determined at harvesting. The straw decomposition coefficient was 0.0049 Mg·ha-1·day-1, and the remaining dry mass was equal to 24%. The straw affected the sugarcane growth and development until the first 100 days. The individual internode volume can be adopted as an indicator of the effect of straw on sugarcane growth because the internode volumes up to the sixth position in the with-straw treatment crop were lower than in the no-straw treatment, which was not observed in other variables of the stalks. Keeping straw on the soil surface reduced the crop lodging. Yield and juice quality were not affected, but crop water productivity was increased by keeping sugarcane straw in the field.

RESUMO A adoção de práticas de manejo pode afetar a fenologia e, consequentemente, o momento de colheita e o nível produtivo de palma forrageira. Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de lâminas de irrigação e sistemas de cultivo sobre as fenofases e o momento de corte da palma forrageira Opuntia stricta (Haw.) Haw. O delineamento foi em blocos ao acaso com parcelas subdivididas e quatro repetições. Lâminas de irrigação, com base na evapotranspiração de referência (8,75 %; 17,5 %; 26,25 %; e 35 % ETo), mais uma testemunha (0 % ETo) compuseram as parcelas, e os sistemas de cultivo as subparcelas (cultivo exclusivo, cultivo exclusivo com cobertura morta e consórcio palma-sorgo). Com a morfogênese de emissão de cladódios foram delimitadas as fases fenológicas, e com a extrapolação da taxa de acúmulo mensal de matéria seca de forragem definiu-se o momento de corte. A aplicação de lâminas de irrigação aumentou a fenofase II (maior emissão de cladódios de segunda ordem), em detrimento à fenofase III, associada a cladódios de terceira ordem. A fenofase III foi mais reduzida nos sistemas de cultivo exclusivo com cobertura morta e consórcio palma-sorgo, quando comparada ao sistema cultivo exclusivo. O momento de corte ideal para a palma irrigada é de 19 meses, independentemente do sistema de cultivo. Os sistemas de cultivo exclusivo com cobertura morta e consórcio palma-sorgo incrementaram expressivamente a taxa de acúmulo mensal de matéria seca de forragem, com maior antecipação do momento de corte para o sistema consórcio palma-sorgo (17 meses).

ABSTRACT Management practices can affect the phenology and, consequently, the harvest time and crop production level of forage cactus. This study aimed at evaluating the effect of irrigation depths and cropping systems on the phenophases and cutting time of the forage cactus Opuntia stricta (Haw.) Haw. The experimental design was a randomized block with split plots and four replications. Irrigation depths based on reference evapotranspiration (8.75 %, 17.5 %, 26.25 % and 35 % ETo) and a control (0 % ETo) made up the plots, while cropping systems (exclusive cropping, exclusive cropping on mulch and forage cactus-sorghum intercropping) were distributed in the subplots. Cladode emission morphogenesis was used to define the phenological phases, while the extrapolation of the monthly dry matter accumulation rate was applied to obtain the cutting time. The use of irrigation depths significantly increased the phenophase II (higher emission of second-order daughter cladodes), decreasing the phenophase III, associated with third-order daughter cladodes. The phenophase III was lower in the exclusive cropping on mulch and forage cactus-sorghum intercropping systems, when compared to the exclusive cropping system. The ideal cutting time for irrigated forage cactus is 19 months, regardless of the cropping system. The exclusive cropping on mulch and forage cactus-sorghum intercropping systems significantly increased the monthly forage dry matter accumulation rate, with an earlier cutting time for the forage cactus-sorghum intercropping system (17 months).

RESUMO: Objetivou-se determinar a necessidade de água e o coeficiente de cultura para as diferentes fases fenológicas do milho ( Zea mays L) e do feijão-caupi ( Vigna unguiculata (L) Walp) em sistemas de plantio exclusivo e consorciado sob as condições climáticas do Semiárido brasileiro. O experimento foi conduzido no município de Petrolina, PE. Foram monitorados o rendimento de matéria seca total da parte aérea e a radiação fotossinteticamente ativa interceptada para ambas as culturas. Além disso, obteve-se a evapotranspiração da cultura (ETc) por meio do método do balanço de água no solo. Com estes dados e a evapotranspiração de referência foi obtido o coeficiente de cultura (Kc), os quais foram utilizados, posteriormente, para ajustar modelos em função dos graus dias acumulados. Com os resultados, constatou-se que o requerimento hídrico do milho e feijão-caupi no sistema de plantio consorciado foi maior que no sistema exclusivo. Os valores de Kc no consórcio foram de 0,90, 1,30, 1,20 e 0,72 para o milho, e 0,86; 1,30, 1,21 e 0,91 para o feijão-caupi, respectivamente, para as fases vegetativa, floração, enchimento de grãos e maturação. No sistema exclusivo esses valores foram de, 0,86, 1,23, 0,97 e 0,52 para o milho e de 0,68; 1,02, 1,06 e 0,63 para o feijão-caupi, nesta ordem. As variações dos valores de Kc para ambos os sistemas e culturas estiveram associadas ao incremento de biomassa e a interceptação da radiação. O modelo Gaussiano ajustado descreveu adequadamente a relação entre os valores de Kc e dos graus dias acumulados.

ABSTRACT: In order to determine the water requirement and crop coefficient for the different phenological stages on corn plants ( Zea mays L.) and cowpea plants ( Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp) in intercropping and sole cropping systems under the climatic conditions of the Brazilian semiarid. The experiment was conducted in the city of Petrolina, PE. Shoots total dry mass and photosynthetically active radiation intercepted for both crops were monitored. Furthermore, it was obtained the evapotranspiration (ETc) by the soil water balance method. With these data and reference evapotranspiration it was obtained crop coefficient (Kc), which were subsequently used to adjust models as a function of accumulated degree days. With the results, it was found the water requirements from maize and cowpea intercropped system were greater than the sole system. Kc in the intercropped system was 0.90, 1.30, 1.20 and 0.72 for maize and 0.86, 1.30, 1.21 and 0.91 for cowpea, respectively, for the vegetative, flowering, grain filling and ripening stages. In the sole system, these values were, 0.86, 1.23, 0.97 and 0.52 for maize and 0.68, 1.02, 1.06 and 0.63 for cowpea in those phases mentioned. The variations of the Kc values for both systems and cultures have been associated to the increase of biomass and light interception. The Gaussian model adjusted properly described the relationship between Kc and accumulated degree days.

Resumo:O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a variação sazonal dos componentes do balanço de energia e avaliar o controle biofísico da evapotranspiração, em área de Caatinga preservada, em condições de seca intensa. O experimento foi conduzido em 2012, tendo-se utilizado o sistema "eddy covariance", instalado a 16,9 m acima da superfície do solo. Além disso, foram realizadas medidas de temperatura, umidade, radiação solar, saldo de radiação, fluxo de calor no solo e temperatura do solo. Os dados dos fluxos de calor sensível e latente foram processados com o programa Alteddy e analisados em escalas diária e sazonal. Com os dados do fluxo de calor latente, foram determinados os valores da evapotranspiração, bem como os indicadores da sua sensibilidade às condições ambientais: fator de desacoplamento, e resistências aerodinâmica e da superfície. O saldo de radiação apresentou forte sazonalidade, com comportamento dependente da radiação solar. A partição dos componentes do balanço de energia revelou que a ocorrência de seca intensa maximiza a destinação da energia disponível ao fluxo de calor sensível, e que a evapotranspiração nessa condição é especialmente dependente do deficit de pressão de vapor e da resistência da superfície.

Abstract:The objective of this work was to determine seasonal variation in energy balance components and to evaluate the biophysical control of evapotranspiration in a preserved Caatinga area, under intense drought conditions. The experiment was conducted in 2012, using the eddy covariance system, installed at 16.9 m above soil surface. In addition, temperature, humidity, solar radiation, net radiation, soil heat flux, and soil temperature were measured. Data on the sensible and latent heat fluxes were processed with the Alteddy software and analyzed on daily and seasonal scales. Using the latent heat flux data, the evapotranspiration rates were determined, as well as the indicators of their sensitivity to environmental conditions: decoupling factor, and aerodynamical and surface resistances. The net radiation showed a strong seasonality, with behavior dependent on solar radiation. The partition of the energy balance components revealed that the occurrence of intense drought maximizes the destination of the available energy to sensible heat flux, and that evapotranspiration under this condition is specifically dependent on the vapor pressure deficit and on the surface resistance.

Objetivou-se, com este trabalho, realizar a calibração de três sondas capacitivas, visando a utilizá-las na definição de funções físico-hídricas e na análise da variação espacial e temporal do conteúdo (q) e do armazenamento de água, em um Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo, cultivado com três clones de palma forrageira, no Semiárido pernambucano. O estudo foi executado numa área experimental situada em Serra Talhada, PE. Para isso, foi realizada a calibração de três sondas capacitivas, usando-se dados de densidade aparente do solo, de umidade gravimétrica e de frequências relativas, em cinco condições de umidade do solo. Aplicou-se o método do perfil instantâneo, para determinação do fluxo vertical de água, e do potencial matricial de água no solo. Em seguida, analisou-se a variação espaço-temporal do q e do armazenamento de água no solo. As medidas de frequência relativa das sondas capacitivas apresentaram elevada relação com os dados de q (R2 > 0,87). A partir do método do perfil instantâneo, foi possível determinar as funções da condutividade hidráulica e do potencial total de água no solo, em relação ao q, com elevados coeficientes de determinação (R2 > 0,91). Não houve diferenças significativas do q entre os clones de palma forrageira.

The objective of this work was to carry out calibration of three capacitive probes, to use them in the definition of physical-hydric functions and in spatial and temporal analysis of the soil water content (θ) and water storage in an Udult soil cultivated with three palm forage clones, in Brazilian Semi-arid. The study was carried out in an experimental area located in Serra Talhada, State of Pernambuco. Therefore, calibration of the three capacitive probes was carried out using soil density and gravimetric moisture data and relative frequencies in five conditions of soil moisture. It was applied the instantaneous profile method for determination of water flow in the soil and matrix potential of the water in the soil. After that, the space-temporal variation of θ and water storage in the soil were analyzed. Measures of relative frequency of the capacitive probes showed high relationship with the θ data (R2 > 0.87). From the instantaneous profile method, it was possible to determine the functions of soil hydraulic conductivity and soil water total potential, both in terms of θ, with high coefficients of determination (R2 > 0.91). There were no significant differences of the θ between palm forage clones.

Objetivou-se, com este trabalho, determinar parâmetros de crescimento e de rendimento da cana-de-açúcar cv. RB92579, sob regime de irrigação, no Semiárido brasileiro, visando a avaliar o desempenho desta cultura nas condições edafoclimáticas locais. Foram avaliados o acúmulo de biomassa seca e as suas respectivas partições, durante dois ciclos consecutivos de cana-de-açúcar (soca e ressoca), além dos indicadores de rendimento e de qualidade da cultura ao final do período experimental. Em ambos os ciclos, foram realizadas dez coletas de amostras para se determinar a biomassa seca de seis componentes estruturais dos perfilhos (folhas verdes, bainhas, parte emergente, pseudocolmos, folhas e bainhas mortas e colmo). A cana-de-açúcar apresentou elevado acúmulo de biomassa seca da parte aérea da planta, com valor médio de 6.493 g m-2 para os dois ciclos de cultivo. No início do seu crescimento, os fotoassimilados foram destinados prioritariamente às folhas verdes, bainhas, parte emergente e pseudocolmos. Em fase posterior de crescimento, os fotoassimilados passaram a ser utilizados na formação dos colmos. Os resultados obtidos foram muito semelhantes para os ciclos de soca e ressoca. Os modelos ajustados para descrever a evolução da biomassa seca e de suas respectivas partições apresentaram ajustes satisfatórios, em função dos dias após o corte. O elevado rendimento industrial (133,88 ± 40,84 t ha-1) e a alta concentração de sacarose por biomassa seca (0,34 ± 0,10 g g-1) proporcionaram valores elevados de produção de açúcar (17,75 ± 4,44 t ha-1) e de álcool (12,73 ± 3,23 t ha-1), indicando alto desempenho produtivo da RB92579 para a região.

The objective of this work was to evaluate growth and yield parameters of sugar cane cv. RB92579 under irrigation in the Brazilian semi-arid to evaluate performance of that crop in the local conditions of climate and soil. It was evaluated the accumulation of dry biomass and its respective partitions during two consecutive sugarcane ratoon cycles, as well as the indicators of industrial yield and crop quality at the end of the experimental period. Ten samples collections were carried out in both sugarcane cycles to determine the dry biomass of six structural components of tillers (green leaves, sheaths, immature leaves and sheaths, pseudo-stem, dead leaves and sheaths and stems). The sugarcane presented high accumulation of dry biomass with a mean value of 6,493 g m-2 for the two cultivation cycles. At the beginning of the growing period, the photoassimilates are mainly destined to the green leaves, sheaths, immature leaves and pseudostem. Afterwards, the photoassimilates are used in the formation of stems and leaf enlargement. The results achieved in this work were very similar for both ratoon cycles. The fitted models used to describe the evolution of dry biomass and their respective partitions presented good correlation as a function of the days after cutting. The high industrial yield (133.88±40.84 t ha-1) and the high content of sucrose on the stem per dry biomass (0.34±0.10 g g-1) provided elevated values of sugar (17.75±4.44 t ha-1) and alcohol (12.73±3.23 t ha-1) production, indicating high productive performance of the RB92579 for the region.

A produtividade da cana-de-açúcar no Submédio do Vale do São Francisco tem apresentado desempenho de destaque devido à utilização de irrigação. Dessa forma, a obtenção de informações sobre o crescimento das plantas nessas condições é essencial, uma vez que podem ser utilizados para adequação do manejo da cultura. Assim, objetivou-se com este trabalho realizar uma análise biométrica da parte aérea da cana-de-açúcar irrigada, visando suprir a ausência de informações desta cultura na região. O experimento foi realizado no município de Juazeiro-BA, com a variedade RB92579, no ciclo de cana soca. Realizaram-se dois tipos de análise, sendo uma destrutiva, onde plantas foram amostradas e conduzidas ao laboratório, e outra de natureza não destrutiva, na qual as variáveis foram monitoradas em campo. A partir dos resultados, foi possível constatar que a cultura apresentou altos padrões de perfilhamento (15,2 perfilhos m-2). O tombamento da cana-de-açúcar afeta a dinâmica da estatura dos colmos, a qual atingiu valor final de 421 ± 22 cm. Porém, não demonstrou impactos diretos sobre os padrões de comprimento (13,6 ± 2,4 cm), diâmetro (2,5 ± 0,2 cm) e volume dos internódios (68,8 ± 19,5 cm³), bem como no rendimento. A taxa de aparecimento foliar foi de 0,0079 folhasºCd-1, no Intervalo I, e de 0,0018 folhas ºCd-1, no Intervalo II. A área máxima da folha (423 ± 39 cm²) depende da sua posição no colmo (nº15) e responde, principalmente, ao comprimento foliar (máximo valor de 146 ± 6 cm), logo que a largura máxima (~4,2 ± 0,2 cm) tende a se estabilizar ao longo do ciclo. O índice de área foliar apresentou uma correlação positiva com o número de folhas verdes abertas e com a área das folhas.

The productivity of sugarcane in the Submedio of the Vale do São Francisco has been presenting superior performance due to the use of irrigation. In this way, information regarding the crop growth can be used for improving crop management. Thus, the objective of this work was to carry out a biometrics analysis of the irrigated sugarcane, seeking to supply the absence of information of this crop in the region. The experiment was conducted in the district of Juazeiro-BA using the variety RB92579 during the ratoon cycle. Two types of biometrics analysis were performed, one of them was destructive, where plants were sampled and conducted at the laboratory, and another one was no destructive, in which the variables are monitored in field. Based on the results, it was possible to verify that the crop presented high tillering (15.2 shoot m-2). The sugarcane lodging affects the dynamics of the stalks height, which reached final value of 421 ± 22 cm. However it did not demonstrate direct impacts on the length (13.6 ± 2.4 cm), diameter (2.5 ± 0.2 cm) and volume of the internodes (68.8 ± 19.5 cm³), as well as in the yield. The leaf appearance rates were 0.0079 leaves ºCd-1, in the Interval I, and 0.0018 leaves ºCd-1, in the Interval II. The maximum leaf area (423 ± 39 cm²) depends of the position in the stalk (nº15) and it responds mainly to the leaf length (maximum value 146 ± 6 cm), because the width (~4.2 ± 0.2 cm) tended to stabilize along the cycle. The leaf area index presented a positive correlation with the number of expanded green leaves and with the leaf area.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a resposta produtiva, a eficiência do uso de água e a viabilidade econômica de cultivos de milho e de feijão-caupi em sistemas de plantio exclusivo e consorciado na região semiárida do Nordeste brasileiro. O experimento foi desenvolvido no município de Petrolina (PE). As culturas, nos diferentes sistemas de plantio (exclusivo e consorciado), foram submetidas a cinco lâminas de irrigação, aplicadas logo após o pendoamento no milho e na fase de floração do feijão-caupi aos 40 dias depois da semeadura. Combinando as configurações de sistema de cultivo e as diferentes lâminas de irrigação, as culturas do milho e do feijão-caupi foram submetidas a 15 tratamentos distintos. Para avaliar o desempenho das culturas nos diferentes tratamentos foram utilizados indicadores que consideram a resposta produtiva da cultura e o desempenho de aplicação de água no sistema de produção. Estes foram calculados por meio de dados de rendimento total, da relação entre os preços da produção comercial de grãos e da lâmina de água aplicada ao sistema. A produtividade de grãos das culturas do milho e feijão-caupi em resposta à disponibilidade hídrica no solo foi menor no plantio consorciado, em relação ao plantio exclusivo. Mesmo assim, em termos econômicos a adoção do consórcio foi mais vantajosa.

This study aimed to analyze the productivity, the water use efficiency, and the economical viability for corn and cowpea crops on single and intercropping systems in the Brazilian semiarid region. The experiment was carried out at Petrolina, State of Pernambuco. The crops, in different planting systems (single and intercropping), underwent the five blades of irrigation, applied at the flowering stage of cowpea to 40 days after sowing. Combining the settings of cultivation system and the different depths of irrigation, crops of maize and cowpea were subjected to 15 different treatments. To evaluate the performance of crops in the different treatments indicators that consider the production response of crops and the performance of the application of water in the production system were used. The grain yield responses of maize and cowpea to the soil water content were reduced in intercropped plantations, in relation to single cropping. Even so, in economic terms, the adoption of maize-cowpea proved to be more advantageous in all treatments.